OBJECTIVE Poverty is both a cause and consequence of tuberculosis. The objective of this study is to quantify patient/household costs for an episode of tuberculosis (TB), its relationships with household impoverishment, and the strategies used to cope with the costs by TB patients in a resource-limited high TB/HIV setting. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in three rural hospitals...

The study was designed to investigate the income distribution among rice-based farming households in Okigwe Agricultural Zone of Imo State, Nigeria. A sample of 120 rice-based farmers was selected by multistage sampling technique. Data were collected with a well structured questionnaire administered to 120 randomly selected rice farmers. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics...

This study measures the monetary value households place on preventing malaria in Tigray, Ethiopia. We estimate a household demand function for a hypothetical malaria vaccine and compute the value of preventing malaria as the household’s maximum willingness to pay to provide vaccines for all family members. This is contrasted with the traditional costs of illness (medical costs and lost producti...

Households that cannot be able to afford their water bills may lose access drinking and wastewater services. This study seeks quantify how many households struggle pay for services across 787 of the largest providers located within each state United States. Household affordability is ability a household basic without undue hardship. Here, we select 6,000 gallons per month (22.7 m 3 /mo) as suff...

MOTIVATION Proper management of fecal sludge has significant positive health and environmental externalities. Most research on managing onsite sanitation so far either simulates the costs of, or the welfare effects from, managing sludge in situ in pit latrines. Thus, designing management strategies for onsite rural sanitation is challenging, because the actual costs of transporting sludge for t...

The study was conducted in the Wanging’ombe district council Njombe region, Southern highlands of Tanzania. objective to assess determinants women’s control over their earnings. employed a cross-section research design. Data were collected from 150 women who engaged various economic activities. structured interview method used collect data using questionnaire. processed and analysed IBM SPSS st...

OBJECTIVE To examine the role of tobacco use in creating financial hardship for New Zealand (NZ) low income households with children. DATA The 1996 NZ census (smoking prevalence by household types), Statistics NZ (household spending surveys 1988-98), and NZ Customs (tobacco released from bond 1988-98). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Proportion of children in households with smokers and < or = 15,000...

This article explores the impacts of migration and remittances on rural household income in China using cross-section data on rural household in the year 2007. The Heckman selection model is used to eliminate the selection bias and estimate the counterfactual income of migrant-sending household if there were no migration. The paper then goes on to compare the counterfactual income with the obse...