Neural connectivity between the spinal cord and paired appendages is key to the superior locomotion of tetrapods and aquatic vertebrates. In contrast to nerves that innervate axial muscles, those innervating appendages converge at a specialized structure, the plexus, where they topographically reorganize before navigating towards their muscle targets. Despite its importance for providing append...

It has been demonstrated that the content of certain amino acids in eggs is not sufficient to fully support embryonic development. One possibility to supply the embryo with extra nutrients and energy is in ovo administration of nutrients. Nanoparticles of diamond are highly biocompatible non-toxic carbonic structures, and we hypothesized that bio-complexes of diamond nanoparticles with L-glutam...

Triglycerides are stored lipids with high calorific value, and so may be the preferred choice of fuel during starvation, which may be partially utilized and also may be a simultaneously synthesized along the degradation, probably to balance the lipid over load and also to prevent lipotoxicity of cells caused due to accumulation of FFA(free fatty acids). There may not be any absolute depletion o...

Predation is considered one of the main costs to reproduction but is rarely examined from a physiological perspective. In particular, little is known about the influence of brood predation pressure on the physiology of parents engaged in care. Brood defense, even when there is no direct threat to the parent, can be costly as it requires constant vigilance and chasing predators to protect the de...

To delineate the role of proteoglycans in turkey skeletal muscle development, proteoglycan expression was examined in pectoral muscle from 14-, 20-, and 25-d-old embryos. Proteoglycans were separated by DEAE (diethylaminoethyl cellulose) anion exchange and molecular sieve chromatography. Glycosaminoglycan composition was measured by enzyme digestion and nitrous acid deamination. The proteoglyca...

Rupture of the Pectoralis muscle tendon is usually rare. And when it does happen, Sports or exercises are most often the culprit. An abducted, extended and externally rotated shoulder is weak and adding tension to it, as happens during a bench press or throwing a ball, is likely to tear off the Pectoral tendon. Sites recognized are: At Tendon attachment, Musculo-tendinous junction and Muscle be...