The Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) church in the North American Division @AD)' expects pastors to complete a Master of Divinity (M.Div.) program prior to their ordination.' Graduatelevel ministerial education is designed to contribute to the development and success of a candidate for professional ministry. The purpose of this research is to discover possible correlations between graduate ministeri...

In recent decades, pastoral abandonment has produced profound ecological changes in the Alps. In particular, the reduction in grazing has led to extensive shrub encroachment of semi-natural grasslands, which may represent a threat to open habitat biodiversity. To reverse shrub encroachment, we assessed short-term effects of two different pastoral practices on vegetation and dung beetles (Coleop...

Studies indicate that the influence of institutionalised religion is waning in most Western nations. In contrast, personal, spiritual, and subjective approaches to faith are on the rise. The latter may or may not relate to traditional Christian frameworks. These trends are most apparent with the aging ‘baby boomer’ population, thus changing notions of pastoral care in many countries. Counsellin...

Pastoral and farmer populations, who have coexisted in Central Asia since the fourth millennium B.C., present not only different lifestyles and means of subsistence but also various types of social organization. Pastoral populations are organized into so-called descent groups (tribes, clans, and lineages) and practice exogamous marriages (a man chooses a bride in a different lineage or clan). I...

Over the past 25 years, the Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations has changed its guidelines regarding religious/spiritual care of hospitalized patients to increase attention concerning this aspect of hospital-based care. Little empirical evidence assesses the extent to which hospitals relied on hospital chaplains as care providers during these years. This study inv...

Pastoral systems worldwide secure rural livelihoods in the harshest environments on Earth. Their low productivity per area unit or head makes them subject of much criticism with regard to their environmental impact, particularly relation global warming, desertification and land degradation. Such is case traditional pastoral Patagonia, a vast isolated region where sedentary mobile pastoralism co...

How much did medieval lay people know about Christianity? Which religious observances were expected of them? Recent studies have often suggested that ecclesiastical expectations of the laity were relatively low overall, even if some laypeople exceeded these basic requirements. For example Norman Tanner and Sethina Watson have argued that although medieval churchmen had high aspirations for the ...

This paper presents an abbreviated version of a verbatim script developed from oral history interviews with individuals key to the development of counselling and psychotherapy in Scotland from 1960 to 2000. Earlier versions were used in workshops with counsellors and pastoral care practitioners to share counter-narratives of counselling and to provide opportunities for conversations about histo...

feed resources availability at cheap and affordable prices for livestock consumption are major factors determining capability of livestock production to supply products for increasing urban and cities consumers in nigeria. to take advantages of the high demand in urban areas, livestock producers on extensive pastoralism are moving closer to cities and urban communities such as abuja the nigeria...

 Degradation of grassland and the environment restricting access to grazing resources increased pastoral vulnerability to drought and loss of livestock assets which pose threat to pastoral based livelihoods. In respond to these threats many pastoral communities diversify their livelihood to agro-pastoralism. This shift led to increased sedentarization of the pastoralists with many growing crops...