In aqueous solution, aldehydes, and to a lesser extent ketones, hydrate to form geminal diols. We investigate the hydration of methylglyoxal (MG) in the gas phase, a process not previously considered to occur in water-restricted environments. In this study, we spectroscopically identified methylglyoxal diol (MGD) and obtained the gas-phase partial pressures of MG and MGD. These results, in conj...

We investigate the reduction of complex chemistry in gaseous mixtures. We consider an arbitrarily complex network of reversible reactions. We assume that their rates of progress are given by the law of mass action and that their equilibrium constants are compatible with thermodynamics; it thus provides an entropic structure [ ] [ ]. We study a homogeneous reactor at constant density and interna...

Many kinds of economic behavior appear to be governed by discrete and occasional individual choices. Despite this, econometric partial adjustment models perform relatively well at the aggregate level. Analyzing the classic employment adjustment problem, we show how discrete and occasional microeconomic adjustment is well described by a new form of partial adjustment model that aggregates the ac...

We investigate the Nash equilibria of asymmetric, winner-take-all, imperfectly discriminating contests, focusing on existence, uniqueness and rent dissipation. When the contest success function is determined by a production function with decreasing returns for each contestant, equilibria are unique. If marginal product is also bounded, limiting total expenditure is equal to the value of the pri...

We study the solution concepts of partial cooperative Cournot-Nash equilibria and partial cooperative Stackelberg equilibria. The partial cooperative Cournot-Nash equilibrium is axiomatically characterized by using notions of rationality, consistency and converse consistency with regard to reduced games. We also establish sufficient conditions for which partial cooperative Cournot-Nash equilibr...

In this paper we present a differential semantics of Lazy AR Propagation (LARP) in discrete Bayesian networks. We describe how both single and multi dimensional partial derivatives of the evidence may easily be calculated from a junction tree in LARP equilibrium. We show that the simplicity of the calculations stems from the nature of LARP. Based on the differential semantics we describe how va...