The evolution of drug resistant Plasmodium parasites is a major challenge to effective malaria control. In theory, competitive interactions between sensitive parasites and resistant parasites within infections are a major determinant of the rate at which parasite evolution undermines drug efficacy. Competitive suppression of resistant parasites in untreated hosts slows the spread of resistance;...

OBJECTIVE Dogs are the definitive or reservoirs hosts of more than 60 zoonotic parasites. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in pet dogs in Hamedan, Western Iran. METHODS In cross-sectional study, 210 stool samples were collected randomly in pet dogs without clinical signs in Hamedan in April to December 2010. All samples were concentrate...

Background: .
 Malaria is serious vector –borne tropical diseases that remains one of the primary reasons for death in several countries . and typhoid co-infection a major public health problem many developing countries. Most co-infections treated are based on methods diagnosis plagued with assumptions which possibly exaggerate situation. Objective: This aim this work was to investigate ra...

The red fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) has the widest global distribution among terrestrial carnivore species and is an important reservoir for a range of parasites. Investigations on parasitic fauna foxes have intensified in recent years Serbia, resulting detection some parasites that not been recorded before. Within Programme Control Eradication Rabies from January to March 2019, 52 legally hunted we...

Background: Despite continued and comprehensive planning of the world health organization (WHO), intestinal parasitic infections are a serious public problem in developing countries. Due to the high prevalence of cancers in Ardabil province and subsequently the high possibility of intestinal parasitic infections among the people, the aim of this study was to assess the frequency of intestinal p...

BACKGROUND Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) is a zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania infantum, transmitted by the bite of Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies. Dogs are the main domestic reservoir of the parasite. The establishment of an experimental model that partially reproduces natural infection in dogs is very important to test vaccine candidates, mainly regarding those that use salivary ...

The likelihood an individual becomes infected depends on the community in which it is embedded. For environmentally transmitted parasites, host composition can alter density, density of parasites that hosts encounter environment, and dose to are subsequently exposed. While some multi-host theory incorporates these factors (e.g., competition among hosts), does not currently consider nonlinear re...

1. Multiple infection of red corpuscles with young parasites is seen in all malarial infections, but it is found most frequently in the aestivo-autumnal infections. The occurrence is accidental and has no significance other than that if the instances are numerous it suggests a heavy infection. 2. In instances of multiple infection the young parasites may be seen to be attached: (a) each encircl...

Understanding exactly when, where and how hosts become infected with parasites is critical to understanding host-parasite co-evolution in natural populations. However, for host-parasite systems in which hosts or parasites are mobile, for example in vector-borne diseases, the spatial location of infection and the relative importance of parasite exposure at successive host life-history stages are...

Blood stage malaria parasites causing a mild and self limited infection in mice have been obtained with either radiation or chemical mutagenesis showing the possibility of developing an attenuated malaria vaccine. Targeted disruption of plasmepsin-4 (pm4) or the merozoite surface protein-7 (msp7) genes also induces a virulence-attenuated phenotype in terms of absence of experimental cerebral ma...