Prior results show that most bounded query hierarchies cannot contain finite gaps. For example, it is known that PSAT (m+1)-tt = PSAT m-tt ) PSAT btt = PSAT m-tt and for all sets A FPA(m+1)-tt = FPAm-tt ) FPAbtt = FPAm-tt PA(m+1)-T = PAm-T ) PAbT = PAm-T FPA(m+1)-T = FPAm-T ) FPAbT = FPAm-T where PAm-tt is the set of languages computable by polynomial-time Turing machines that make m nonadaptiv...

We reported previously that protein associated with Myc (PAM) interacts with the C2 domain of type V adenylyl cyclase (ACV-C2) and that purified PAM is a potent inhibitor of Galphas-stimulated ACV activity (J Biol Chem 276:47583-47589, 2001). The present study was conducted to identify the region in PAM that inhibits ACV activity and to determine whether its binding with the ACV-C2 is necessary...

We propose a formal procedure-based agent model for plan recognition as an alternative to the declarative proposition-based agent model. Our formalism, called the Procedural Agent Model (PAM) allows us to describe procedural plans of agents in a concise and abstract way. Plan recognition uses PAM as a library of plan schemas and applies a graph-based pattern-matching algorithm to the observed e...

Pneumatic Artificial Muscle (PAM) yields natural muscle-like actuator with high force to weight ratio, soft and flexible structure, and adaptable compliance for rehabilitation and prosthetic appliances to the disabled. To obtain optimum design and usage, there is significance to understand mechanical behavior of the PAM. In this study, experimental results reveal empirical modeling for relation...

OBJECTIVE Patient activation can be measured using the Patient Activation Measure (PAM) developed by Hibbard et al., however, little is known about the uses of the PAM in research and in practice. This study aims to explore its differing utility in four UK exemplar sites. METHODS Data from four exemplars in a range of health settings with people living with long-term conditions (i.e. stroke o...

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the main pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which leads to severe vision loss in many aged patients in most advanced country. CNV compromises vision via hemorrhage and retinal detachment on account of pathological neovascularization penetrating the retina. Plasma medicine represents the medical application of ionized gas "plasma" that i...

Three-dimensional polymeric scaffolds provide structural support and function as substrates for cells and bioactive molecules necessary for tissue regeneration. Noninvasive real-time imaging of scaffolds and/or the process of tissue formation within the scaffold remains a challenge. Microcomputed tomography, the widely used technique to characterize polymeric scaffolds, shows poor contrast for ...

We prove that Kreisel’s Conjecture is true, if Peano arithmetic is axiomatised using minimality principle and axioms of identity (theory PAM ). The result is independent on the choice of language of PAM . We also show that if infinitely many instances of A(x) are provable in a bounded number of steps in PAM then there exists k ∈ ω s.t. PAM ` ∀x > k A(x). The results imply that PAM does not prov...

Continuous phase modulation (CPM) is a widely used modulation scheme in communication systems. However, difficulties arise with the design of CPM receivers, due to the nonlinear nature of CPM. One popular solution is to linearize CPM with pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) representation. In this paper, a reduced-complexity non-dataaided (NDA) timing recovery method for PAM-based M-ary CPM receiv...

It is a grand challenge to visualize and assess in vivo neovascularization in a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold noninvasively, together with high spatial resolution and deep penetration depth. Here we used multiscale photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), including acoustic-resolution PAM (AR-PAM) and optical-resolution PAM (OR-PAM), to chronically monitor neovascularization in an inverse opal scaffol...