The view that satellite RNAs (satRNAs) and satellite viruses are purely molecular parasites of their cognate helper viruses has changed. The molecular mechanisms underlying the synergistic and/or antagonistic interactions among satRNAs/satellite viruses, helper viruses, and host plants are beginning to be comprehended. This review aims to summarize the recent achievements in basic and practical...

The buoyant density of ribosomal DNA is similar in species with or without satellite DNA, and in all species examined was distinguishable from that of the satellite DNA. In melon tissues (Cucumus melo) the percentage satellite DNA is not correlated with the percentage hybridization to ribosomal RNA. Satellite DNA sequences do not appear to be dispersed between those coding for ribosomal RNA. Th...

Skeletal muscle satellite cells in their niche are quiescent and upon muscle injury, exit quiescence, proliferate to repair muscle tissue, and self-renew to replenish the satellite cell population. To understand the mechanisms involved in maintaining satellite cell quiescence, we identified gene transcripts that were differentially expressed during satellite cell activation following muscle inj...

A satellite communications system is based on antennas in a stable orbit above the earth. Satellites serve as relay stations in the sky. The basic idea of satellite communications is that two stations on earth discuss via one or more satellites. So a little bit of satellite-related terminology: 1. Earth station is an antenna on or near the surface of the earth. 2. Uplink is a transmission from ...

In the near future low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication networks will partially substitute for fixed terrestrial multimedia networks especially in sparsely populated areas. Unlike fixed terrestrial networks, ongoing calls may be dropped if satellite channels are shadowed. Therefore, in most LEO satellite communication networks more than one satellite need to be simultaneously visible i...

As one of the key elements in an IPv6 supported DVB-RCS satellite network, the multicast architecture design is facing the challenges of interworking between the IPv6 multicast protocols and the satellite signaling while efficiently using the satellite bandwidth. How to enable the multicast group management functions for satellite end users with and without direct IPv6 MLD router support and ho...

This study presents the “overview of TCP performance on satellite communication networks”, aimed at satellite characteristics, their effects on throughput selected link control protocols and various method proposed for enhancing TCP throughput on satellite networks. Literature reviews on satellite link characteristics and their effects on TCP operation in satellite communication networks. Diffe...

Persian juniper and Pistachio are grown in low density in the rangelands of North-East of Iran. These rangelands are populated by evergreen conifers, which are widespread and present at low-density and sparse shrub of pistachio in Iran, that are not only environmentally but also genetically essential as seed sources for pistachio improvement in orchards. Rangelands offer excellent opportunities...

Advanced technologies in satellite TV broadcasts have led anomalies and opposite behavior of young people against social values. Western countries have targeted different aspects of youth identity through these programs, including, religious, social, cultural and political security. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of satellite channels on the value system of students. The aim o...

Adeno-associated satellite virus type 4 interferes with the replication of its helper adenovirus. No interferon-like soluble substance could be detected in satellite-infected cultures and other DNA- and RNA-containing viruses were not inhibited by coinfection with satellite virus under conditions which reduced adenovirus yields by more than 90% in monkey cells. Altering the concentration of ade...