Conservation strategies are urgently needed in Tropical areas for widely used tree species. Increasing numbers of species are threatened by overexploitation and their recovery might be poor due to low reproductive success and poor regeneration rates. One of the first steps in developing any conservation policy should be an assessment of the reproductive biology of species that are threatened by...

Recent increases in the magnitude and rate of environmental change, including habitat loss, climate change and overexploitation, have been directly linked to the global loss of biodiversity. Wildlife extinction rates are estimated to be 100–1000 times greater than the historical norm, and up to 50% of higher taxonomic groups are critically endangered. While many types of environmental changes t...

Climate change and overpopulation have led to an increase in water demands worldwide. As a result, land subsidence due groundwater extraction level decline is causing damage communities arid semiarid regions. The agricultural plain of Samalghan Iran has recently experienced wide areas subsidence, which hypothesized be caused by overexploitation. This hypothesis was assessed estimating the amoun...

Populations of many species are dramatically declining worldwide, but the causal mechanism remains debated among different human-related threats. Coping with this uncertainty is critical to several issues about the conservation and future of biodiversity, but remains challenging due to difficulties associated with the experimental manipulation and/or isolation of the effects of such threats und...

In the last decades, a number of studies based on historical records revealed the diversity loss in the oceans and human-induced changes to marine ecosystems. These studies have improved our understanding of the human impacts in the oceans. They also drew attention to the shifting baseline syndrome and the importance of assessing appropriate sources of data in order to build the most reliable e...

The precautionary principle in international law has attracted intense and sustained attention in the last ten to 15 years. It is thus becoming increasingly difficult for authors to make meaningful contributions in this area. Nevertheless, there remain a number of important research questions to be explored or further developed. In this review essay, the author considers four recent works on pr...

1 Institute of Integrative Biology, Center for Adaptation to a Changing Environment, ETH Zurich, Switzerland 2 Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver, USA 3 Secure Fisheries, One Earth Future Foundation, USA 4 Institute of Oceanography, Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taiwan 5 Research Center for En...