Adolescence in humans is a vulnerable period for illicit drug use, and teenage onset of drug use is associated with long-term addiction. Adolescent sensitivity to drug reinforcement, relapse, and withdrawal has not been explored thoroughly in animal models, especially considering opiate drugs such as morphine and heroin. The present series of studies profiles adolescent sensitivity to opiates u...

The purpose of the study was to compare the linear kinematics of the barbell and the angular kinematics of the lower limb during the snatch lifts of two different barbell weights in elite male adolescent weightlifters. In the national team level, nine elite male adolescent weightlifters participated in the study. The snatch lifts were recorded by two video cameras under competitive conditions i...

BACKGROUND The Orphan Drug Act (1983) established several incentives to encourage the development of orphan drugs (ODs) to treat rare diseases and conditions. This study analyzed the characteristics of OD designations, approvals, sponsors, and evaluated the effective patent and market exclusivity life of orphan new molecular entities (NMEs) approved in the US between 1983 and 2007. METHODS Pr...

The timing of reproductive maturation in females has been linked to differences in dominance status and exposure to males, but less information is available regarding the effect of dominance rank and exposure to females on the pace of reproductive maturation in males. A two-year study of a cohort of nine male rhesus macaques was undertaken to document potential social factors influencing variat...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to review and compare types of reimbursement recommendations for orphan drugs issued by eight European health technology assessment (HTA) agencies and the reimbursement status of these drugs in the corresponding countries. Separate calculations were also performed for three sub-groups: ultra-orphan drugs, oncology orphan drugs and other (non-ultra, non-oncol...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the physician sex preference of male adolescents and to explore the factors that may moderate this preference. DESIGN Anonymous survey. SETTING An adolescent clinic associated with a large pediatric hospital centrally located within a metropolitan Midwestern city. PARTICIPANTS The 67 male adolescent patients in the convenience sample ranged in age from 10 to 18 ye...

Alcohol readily facilitates social interactions and this effect plays an important role in adolescent drinking behaviors. The ability of social interaction to alter behaviors in response to alcohol in adolescent animals has been assessed using the demonstrator-observer paradigm. The demonstrator is exposed to ethanol and the observer is tested for changes in behaviors in response to ethanol aft...

Previously, we found that, unlike adults, adolescent male dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) maintained large Area X volumes despite having low plasma testosterone concentrations. Other studies indicate that photoperiod may act independently of testosterone to modulate vocal control region (VCR) volumes in adult songbirds. In the present study, we investigated the effects of testosterone and pho...

There is substantial literature documenting the negative association between secure parental attachment and lower adolescent delinquency, but little is known about the mediating mechanisms (i.e., how does parental attachment relate to delinquency?) underlying this relation. The present study examined whether secure parental attachment would be indirectly related to lower adolescent delinquency ...