BACKGROUND The ease, noninvasiveness, and safety of oral fluid collection have increased the use of this alternative matrix for drugs-of-abuse testing; however, few controlled drug administration data are available to aid in the interpretation of oral fluid results. METHODS Single oral codeine doses (60 and 120 mg/70 kg) were administered to 19 volunteers. Oral fluid and plasma were analyzed ...

In this single-subject study, an evaluation was completed to determine the effect of occupational therapy intervention on the oral intake of 3 children who had their nutritional needs met by nonoral methods prior to the administration of an oral feeding program. Treatment consisted of a gradual increase of food presentation with the application of behavioral management methods and the presentat...

Background: Thirst is the most common complaint of patients undergoing hemodialysis with stimulating the patient to drink more fluids result in intradialytic weight gain. Thirst leads to some complication including heart problem which is one of the most common causes of death in these patients. Aim: To determine the effect of ice chips on thirst and fluid intake of patients undergoing hemodialy...

BACKGROUND In childhood, inadequate fluid intakes can lead on the short term, to reduced physical and cognitive performances. However, few data are available on the fluid intake among schoolchildren in Belgium. The main aim of this study is to evaluate total fluid intake provided by different types of beverages in a sample of Belgian schoolchildren, in order to assess the percentage of individu...

We investigated in 11 female ultra-runners during a 100 km ultra-run, the association between fluid intake and prevalence of exercise-associated hyponatremia in a cross-sectional study. Athletes drank ad libitum and recorded their fluid intake. They competed at 8.0 (1.0) km/h and finished within 762 (91) min. Fluid intake was 4.1 (1.3) L during the race, equal to 0.3 (0.1) L/h. Body mass decrea...

We examined the effects of hypotension and fluid depletion on water and sodium ingestion in rats in response to intracerebroventricular infusions of ANG II. Hypotension was produced by intravenous infusion of the vasodilator drug minoxidil (25 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)) concurrently with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (0.33 mg/min) to prevent endogenous ANG II formation. ...

BACKGROUND The lack of seasonality of swine influenza A virus (swIAV) in combination with the capacity of swine to harbor a large number of co-circulating IAV lineages, resulting in the risk for the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential, stress the importance of swIAV surveillance. To date, active surveillance of swIAV worldwide is barely done because of the short detection per...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Acute stroke patients with severely impaired oral intake are at risk of malnutrition and dehydration. Rapid identification of these patients is necessary to establish early enteral tube feeding. Whether specific lesion location predicts early tube dependency was analysed, and the neural correlates of impaired oral intake after hemispheric ischaemic stroke were assessed. ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Malnutrition can lead to serious complications in the ICU. Less than half of patients admitted to ICU require ventilation and for many, their optimal route of feeding is oral medical nutrition therapy, rather than enteral or parenteral nutrition. Inadequate oral intake is a prevalent and often difficult problem within this population, as increased calorie deficits are common i...