economic development plans normally contain some policy objectives, especially for the most important macroeconomic variables. governments are expected to take best policies to achieve these objectives, although due to some structural or other impediments they may fail to touch the objectives. we have attempted to uncover the determinants of private consumption and investment as the objectives ...

Maianthemum G. Weber ex Wigg. (Liliaceae) is a popular wild vegetable in Southwest P.R. China, the consumption and trade of which has recently been stimulated by local government polices and increasing tourism. We interviewed 68 stakeholders in Northwest Yunnan to document uses, harvest methods and amounts, and locally perceived conservation status of the species. Mainly M. atropurpureum (Franc...

It is obvious that an optimal policy should consider main dimensions of the phenomenon that can affect the transmission mechanism of that policy. In an open economy, it is expected that variables of the foreign sector play important role in its economic behavior. Therefore, it needs that any optimal policy in an open economy to design in such a way which involves changes in the foreign sector. ...

A main challenge in harvest management is to set policies that maximize the probability that management goals are met. While the management cycle includes multiple sources of uncertainty, only some of these has received considerable attention. Currently, there is a large gap in our knowledge about implemention of harvest regulations, and to which extent indirect control methods such as harvest ...

Commercial harvesting is recognized to induce adaptive responses of life-history traits in fish populations, in particular by shifting the age and size at maturation through directional selection. In addition to such evolution of a target stock, the corresponding fishery itself may adapt, in terms of fishing policy, technological progress, fleet dynamics, and adaptive harvest. The aim of this s...

Healthy forests and enhanced habitat for wildlife is a growing concern among public and policy makers. These concerns have led to substantial interest in promoting various regulatory and voluntary compliance policies to further biodiversity on private forests. These policies, however, might result in additional cost to forestland owners. In this paper, we estimate the opportunity cost of adopti...

This article presents a practical tool for optimally scheduling wine grape harvesting operations taking into account both operational costs and grape quality. We solve a mixed-integer linear programming model to support harvest scheduling, labor allocation, and routing decisions. A quality loss function is used to represent wine quality reduction at each vineyard block due to premature or defer...

age replacement policy is concerned with finding an optional time tominimize the cost, at which time the unit is replaced even if itdoes not fail. so far, age replacement policy involving random agehas been proposed. this paper will assume the age of the unit is anuncertain variable, and find the optimal time to replace the unit.