A key step toward understanding the function of a brain circuit is to find its wiring diagram. New methods for optical stimulation and optical recording of neurons make it possible to map circuit connectivity on a very large scale. However, single synapses produce small responses that are difficult to measure on a large scale. Here I analyze how single synaptic responses may be detectable using...

We present a small and lightweight fully wireless optogenetic headstage capable of optical neural stimulation and electrophysiological recording. The headstage is suitable for conducting experiments with small transgenic rodents, and features two implantable fiber-coupled light-emitting diode (LED) and two electrophysiological recording channels. This system is powered by a small lithium-ion ba...

Primer on physiological techniques Different recording techniques:-Intracellular recording-Extracellular recording-Imaging Intracellular recording Record inside the cell using glass (why not metal?) electrodes. $$ This technique allows the experimenter to record subthreshold responses, and to understand mechanisms behind a cell's response properties. Whole-cell recording is a modern form of int...

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are widely used as spatial light modulators (SLMs) in many applications (optical signal processing, holographic data storage, diffractive optics...). In particular, as an alternative microoptics recording scheme we have explored the possibility to use a LCD to display the diffractive optical element (DOE) to be recorded onto a photosensitive phase material, so as ...

Optical recording with fast voltage sensitive dyes makes it possible, in suitable preparations, to simultaneously monitor the action potentials of large numbers of individual neurons. Here we describe methods for doing this, including considerations of different dyes and imaging systems, methods for correlating the optical signals with their source neurons, procedures for getting good signals, ...

In order to use photopolymers in the recording of holographic memories, high physical thickness is required. This generates many problems associated with the attenuation of light in the recording due to Beer's law. One of the more significant disadvantages is the fact that there are differences between the physical thickness of the material and the optical thickness of the holograms recorded. T...