This article presents, for the first time, the derivation of approximate analytical formulae for the probability density function and the cumulative density function of the optical signal-to-noise ratio variation in optical local and metropolitan area networks due to the weakly polarization-dependent gain of cascaded semiconductor optical amplifiers. The cumulative density function is used to c...

In this work we derive expressions for the orbital angular momentum (OAM) density of light, for both symmetric and nonsymmetric optical fields, that allow a direct comparison between theory and experiment. We present a simple method for measuring the OAM density in optical fields and test the approach on superimposed nondiffracting higher-order Bessel beams. The measurement technique makes use ...

objective(s):pantoprazole, is a proton pump inhibitor (ppi) prescribed for the treatment of upper gastrointestinal disorders, which in high doses has been suggested to decrease calcium absorption leading to hypocalcaemia and therefore osteoporosis. the aim of this study was to assess whether pantoprazol, could alter the rate of orthodontic tooth movement (otm) in rats. materials and methods: a ...

We have used a color matching technique to estimate the optical density of the foveal cone photopigments in a group of patients with retinitis pigmentosa. We find that foveal cone optical density is reduced in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. This reduction of density can occur early in the disease process and is found in patients with minimal visual field loss or 20/20 visual acuity. Foveal...

We measured changes to cone photoreceptors in patients with early age-related macular degeneration. The data of 53 patients were compared with normative data for color matching measurements of long- and middle-wavelength-sensitive cones in the central macula. A four-parameter model quantified cone photopigment optical density and kinetics. Cone photopigment optical density was on average less f...

PURPOSE It has been suggested that macular pigment (MP) and melanin may protect against age-related maculopathy (ARM). To check this, MP and melanin optical density were measured in a random population-based sample of subjects 55 years of age or older. METHODS Spectral fundus reflectance of the fovea was measured in one eye per subject in a 2.3 degrees detection field with a fundus reflectome...