Formal AI models of argumentation define arguments as reasons that support claims. Such arguments may be attacked by other arguments. The main issue is then to identify the accepted ones. Works in linguistics rather focus on understanding the notion of argument, identifying its types, and describing different forms of counter-argumentation. This paper advocates that such typologies are instrume...

Abstract Higher education has expanded at astonishing rates around the world. We seek to understand oppositions that periodically arise, which may produce enrollment declines and/or imposition of political controls. The post-1945 growth higher was – a greater extent than is often recognized propelled by liberal, and later neoliberal, international order. Oppositions arise from illiberal alterna...

Abstract At the level of regime typologies, uncertain status and inherent weakness opposition mark defining features regimes beyond liberal democracy. However, even performance evolution latter tend to be shaped by oppositions regime’s approach dealing with them. This article offers a bird’s-eye view political in contemporary electoral democracies competitive autocracies. It focuses on patterns...