b ackground: we tried to investigate the hair contamination of pet dogs and farm sheepdog with toxocara eggs in terms of the different sex and age groups in north-west of iran (urmia and its sub- urbs). m ethods: hair samples were collected from a total of 138 pet and farm sheepdogs from november 2008 to june 2009 in urmia city and the suburb (west azerbaijan-iran) and examined for the pres- en...

the current paper studies the relationship between organizational spirituality and organizational health in the department of culture and islamic guidance consisting of 168 employees. data were gathered using two questionnaires. the validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by the academic and organizational experts, and the reliability was tested using cronbach's alpha. the collected d...

The Association of Schools of Public Health (ASPH) released the Doctor of Public Health (DrPH) Core Competency Model in 2009. Between 2007 and 2009, a national expert panel with members of the academic and practice communities guided by the ASPH Education Committee developed its 7 performance domains, including 54 competencies. We provide an overview and analysis of the challenges and issues a...

health reforms that emphasize public health and improvements in primary care can be cost-effective measures to achieve health improvements, especially in developing countries that face severe resource constraints. in their paper “shanghai rising: health improvements as measured by avoidable mortality since 2000,” gusmano et al suggest that shanghai’s health policy-makers have been successful in...

pay attention to the public transportation, cycling and pedestrian oriented development (pod) and car-free streets can increase the quality of urban spaces and create more secure pedestrians with psychological comfort for human. old urban fabric with hidden physical, historical, and cultural values has been the best evidence of urban identity and meanwhile, the life and growth of this fabric ha...