Oil-rich regions frequently fight separatist civil wars, consistent with the broader hypothesis that oil wealth diminishes prospects for civil peace. Although existing “greed” and “grievances” hypotheses highlight important attributes of oil production that may contribute to violence, we have few insights into a basic question about mechanisms: what prevents governments from strategically using...

In the years of independence, the oil industry played great role in the economic development of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The state budget has been enlarged significantly at the expense of revenues gained due to rapid development of oil sector. The development of oil industry has created great potential for non-oil sector and economic development in the country's regions. Since 2003, a number...

Near-term macroeconomic prospects continue to improve in the context of higher oil prices and a gradual global recovery from pandemic shock, but medium-term outlook remains challenging highly uncertain. Oil production muted, debt inflation remain elevated, non-oil activity is expected recover only gradually. However, continued strong fiscal performance (aided by revenues), exchange rate stabili...

As studies continue to examine new value added uses for ethanol coproducts, it is important to have means to easily determine the feasibility of the processing steps involved. Many industries widely use computer simulation programs for this purpose, and for planning the use of resources and equipment capacities, and to determine processing costs. The objective of this project was to determine t...

Tanjung Kukup is located in the Malacca strait which is an environmental sanctuary as a home to many species of birds and mangrove dwellers like mangrove crabs, beady-eyed mudskippers and crab-eating macaques. In recent years, the number of ships using the strait Mallaca has been increased and higher marine pollution rates have been recorded. The most important pollution in the marine environme...

abstract oil export revenues have a major share in both iranian government incomes and gross domestic product (gdp). with regard to the importance of agricultural sector in economic growth, rural development and rural welfare improvement, this sector indubitably influenced by temporary and unexpected shocks in oil export. therefore we employed feder(1982) and auto-regressive distributed lag (ar...