The trigemino-cardiac reflex is a well-known clinical phenomenon described during different craniofacial or skull base surgery as well as neuroradiological interventions and defined as the sudden onset of parasympathetic dysrhythmia, sympathetic hypotension, apnea, or gastric hyper-motility during (intraoperative) stimulation of any of the sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve. According to ...

We review the pattern of activity in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves innervating the heart. Unlike the conventional textbook picture of reciprocal control of cardiac vagal and sympathetic nervous activity, as seen during a baroreceptor reflex, many other reflexes involve simultaneous co-activation of both autonomic limbs. Indeed, even at 'rest', the heart receives tonic drives from b...

The trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR) is a well-recognized phenomenon that consists of bradycardia, arterial hypotension, apnea, and gastric hypermotility. It occurs particularly during ocular surgery and during other manipulations in and around the orbit. The parasympathetic supply to the face is carried in the trigeminal nerve. Alternative afferent pathways must exist via the maxillary and/or man...

Purpose: Oculocardiac reflex (OCR) is a frequent event during strabismus surgery. The aim of this study is to compare the preventive effect of intravenous lidocaine and hyoscine on OCR. Methods: This prospective, randomized clinical trial was performed on 75 patients (5-63 years old) underwent strabismus surgery. Patients divided randomly into three groups. Intravenous hyoscine (0.2 mg/kg), lid...

BACKGROUND The oculocardiac reflex (OCR) can be elicited during manipulation of the orbital structures in the strabismus correction surgery. A sinus bradycardia is the most common manifestation of OCR; and cardiac dysrhythmia and asystole may also occur. Various efforts to reduce OCR have been attempted, but without coherent outcome results. METHODS Sixty one children, undergoing elective str...