objective(s):  the aim of this study was to prepare a nanosuspension formulation as a new vehicle for the improvement of the ocular delivery of vitamin a.  material and methods:   formulations were designed based on full factorial design. a high pressure homogenization technique was used to produce nanosuspensions. fifteen formulations were prepared by the use of different combinations of surfa...

Various strategies for ocular drug delivery are considered; from basic formulation techniques for improving availability of drugs; viscosity enhancers and mucoadhesives aid drug retention and penetration enhancers promote drug transport into the eye. The use of drug-loaded contact lenses and ocular inserts allows drugs to be better placed where they are needed for more direct delivery. Developm...

INTRODUCTION Ocular targeted therapy has enormously been advanced by implementation of new methods of drug delivery and targeting using implantable drug delivery systems (DDSs) or devices (DDDs), stimuli-responsive advanced biomaterials, multimodal nanomedicines, cell therapy modalities and medical bioMEMs. These technologies tackle several ocular diseases such as inflammation-based diseases (e...

A variety of ocular drug delivery systems, including a controlled release of the drug, drug targeting, and penetration enhancement of the drug, have been investigated. Biodegradable polymers have been widely used as the drug carrier for controlled-release systems. Biodegradable polymers release the drug as they themselves degrade and are finally absorbed within the body. Several ocular drug del...

To target chronic inflammatory ocular surface diseases, a drug delivery platform is needed that is safe, possesses immunomodulatory properties, and can be used either for drug delivery, or as a foreign antigen carrier. A new therapeutic approach that we have previously proposed uses nonliving bacterial ghosts (BGs) as a carrier-delivery system which can be engineered to carry foreign antigens a...

Ocular drug delivery is challenging due to the presence of anatomical and physiological barriers. These barriers can affect drug entry into the eye following multiple routes of administration (e.g., topical, systemic, and injectable). Topical administration in the form of eye drops is preferred for treating anterior segment diseases, as it is convenient and provides local delivery of drugs. Maj...

Several critical ocular diseases that can lead to blindness are due to retinal disorders. Subretinal drug delivery has been developed recently for the treatment of retinal disorders such as hemorrhage because of the specific ocular structure, namely, the blood retinal barrier (BRB). In the present study, we developed an Arched Micro-injector (ARCMI) for subretinal drug delivery with minimal ret...

The eye presents unique challenges in both the development of tools for elucidating drug disposition as well as for the development of modes of drug delivery for treatment of ocular diseases. In this paper, we present a discussion of the anatomical and physiological characteristics and limitations present in the eye for microdialysis sampling of endogenous substrates and xenobiotics. To date, o...

Ocular drug delivery through hydrogel contact lenses has great potential for the treatment of ocular diseases. Previous studies showed that the loading of lipophilic vitamin E to silicone-hydrogel contact lenses was beneficial in ocular drug delivery. We hypothesized that vitamin E loading to another type of popular hydrogel contact lenses, pHEMA-hydrogel contact lenses, improves ocular drug de...

Abstract Bacterial conjunctivitis characterized as pink eye referred as an inflammation of an eye caused by the enlargement of blood vessels present in conjunctiva, resulting in a red or bloodshot appearance of the eyes. Topical ocular delivery is found to be useful in treating conjunctivitis, but to maintain an effective drug concentration at a site of action in order to achieve desired pha...