BACKGROUND The nurse practitioner is a growing clinical role in Australia and internationally, with an expanded scope of practice including prescribing, referring and diagnosing. However, key gaps exist in nurse practitioner education regarding governance of specialty clinical learning and teaching. Specifically, there is no internationally accepted framework against which to measure the qualit...

Advanced practice registered nurses have assumed an increasing role as providers in the health care system, particularly for underserved populations. The aim of this systematic review was to answer the following question: Compared to other providers (physicians or teams without APRNs) are APRN patient outcomes of care similar? This systematic review of published literature between 1990 and 2008...

Patterns of spending for health during 1986 and beyond reflect a mixture of adherence to and change from historical trends. From a level of $458 billion in 1986--10.9 percent of the GNP--national health expenditures are projected to reach $1.5 trillion by the year 2000--15.0 percent of the GNP. This article presents a provisional estimate of spending in 1986 and projections of spending (under t...

The distribution of world's wealth, although excessively simplified, is a good yardstick of the strong imbalance existing between different areas of the world. Using this criterion, it is interesting to note that the richest 20% of world population holds more than 80% of global wealth, while the poorest 20% enjoys little more than 1% of the planet's GNP. This difference continues to grow. Econo...

Economic measures of income have ignored large areas of human well-being and are poor measures of well-being in the areas to which they attend. Despite increased recognition of those distortions, ‘GNP per capita continues to be regarded as the quintessential indicator of a country’s living standard’ (Partha Dasgupta). Well-being seems to have intuitive plausibility as a concept, but in practice...

In the modern society, the issues on mental health have always been pressing and global problem, and unfortunately it remains today unsolved. It does not apply only to a personal matter, but also having a huge impact on economics as it has estimated a decade ago of that the social cost concerning mental health problem in European Union was 3 to 4% of GNP (Gabriel, 2000). However generally speak...

The work of a nurse practitioner was compared with that of a general practitioner. Both were equally available to the same patient population over the same period. The nurse practitioner saw a similar age and sex distribution of patients to the doctor but saw different types of problems. More of the patients she saw were for followup of chronic diseases, health advice and screening measures whi...

Much macToeconometric discussion has recently emphasized the economic significance of the size of the permanent component in GNP. Consequently, a iarge iiterature has developed that tries to estimate this magnitude— measured, essentially, as the spectral density of increments in GNP at frequency zero. This paper shows that unless the permanent component is a random wedk this attention has been ...

Without a radical change in monetary and fiscal policy, the United States will experience a higher ratio of deficits to GNP in the 1980s than it has in any decade since the 1940s. It is crucial to understand the risk that this poses to future economic growth, but as the following review of the literature indicates, economic research on the issue is in a primitive state. Precise answers are far ...