OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to characterize 24 isolates of group C rotavirus (RV-C) by analysis of DNA sequences of the VP4, VP6, VP7 and NSP4 genes of several Brazilian states. METHODS All RV-C strains were confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and were characterized by sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the genes encoding NSP4, VP6, VP4, and VP7 proteins. RESUL...

The introduction of Rotarix into the Belgian immunization program in June 2006 coincided with an increase of the relative prevalence of G2P[4] strains. However, the genetic composition of these persistent G2P[4] strains has not been investigated. Therefore, we have investigated the NSP4 gene of 89 Belgian G2P[4] strains detected between 1999 and 2013, covering both pre- and post-vaccination per...

NSP4 has been recognized as the rotavirus-encoded enterotoxin. However, a few studies failed to support its diarrheagenic activity. As recombinant NSP4 (rNSP4) peptides of different lengths were used in the limited number of studies, a comparison of relative diarrheagenic potential of NSP4 from different strains could not be possible. To better understand the diarrheagenic potential of NSP4 fro...

BACKGROUND The replication of coronaviruses takes place on cytoplasmic double membrane vesicles (DMVs) originating in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Three trans-membrane non-structural proteins, nsp3, nsp4 and nsp6, are understood to be membrane anchors of the coronavirus replication complex. Nsp4 is localized to the ER membrane when expressed alone but is recruited into the replication comple...

A gel mobility-shift assay was used to demonstrate the binding of the Sindbis virus transcriptase to the promoter for the synthesis of subgenomic (SG) RNA. The assay made use of a P15 fraction (the cell fraction that is pelleted at 15,000 x g) from cells infected with recombinant vaccinia virions expressing various Sindbis virus nonstructural proteins (nsPs) and a (32)P-labeled 24-mer oligoribo...

The positive-stranded RNA genome of the arterivirus Equine arteritis virus (order Nidovirales) encodes the partially overlapping replicase polyproteins pp1a (1727 aa) and pp1ab (3175 aa). Previously, three viral proteinases were reported to cleave these large polyproteins into 12 non-structural proteins (nsps). The chymotrypsin-like viral main proteinase residing in nsp4 is responsible for eigh...

The genomic RNA of an alphavirus encodes four different nonstructural proteins, nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, and nsP4. The polyprotein P123 is produced when translation terminates at an opal termination codon between nsP3 and nsP4. The polyprotein P1234 is produced when translational readthrough occurs or when the opal termination codon has been replaced by a sense codon in the alphavirus genome. Evolutio...

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) endemic has havoc on the world; causative of pandemic is SARS CoV-2. Pharmaceutical companies and academic institutes are in continuous efforts to identify anti-viral therapy or vaccines, but most significant challenge faced highly evolving genome CoV-2, which imparting evolutionary selective benefits virus. To understand viral mutations, we have retrieved n...