BACKGROUND The aims of this study were to determine the seroprevalence of canine ehrlichiosis and risk factors of this disease in companion dogs' population of Mashhad, North East of Iran. Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (CME) is a zoonotic disease transmitted by ticks, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, and caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium, Ehrlichia canis. METHODS During September 2009 un...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Diarrhea is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world, specially in developing countries. One of the most important causative agents of bacterial diarrhea is diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) which causes gastroenteritis and this group involving enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enterohemoragic E...

background:  fascioliasis is considered as the most important helminthic infection of cattle and sheep. traditional approaches using morphological and biologic characters cannot cause a cer­tainty in the accurate and precise identification and intra-specific differences of fasciola spp. in this study, we identified fasciola species using its-1 marker and described genetic variation of each spec...

introduction although temperatures in 0 and below 0 c° in the cold season of the year and mid latitudes are not necessarily considered an extreme phenomenon, but their long-term durability in a widespread area or their sudden occurrence in the beginning and end of the cold season can make this faetor an extreme extent phenomenon. the extreme phenomena are resulted from interaction between large...

the Quaternary climatic oscillations and persist today in isolated refugial areas is crucial for maintaining the global diversity of plants, especially considering the current climate trend of increasing temperatures and water stress ( Petit et al., 2005 ; Kozlowski et al., 2012 ). The Arcto-Tertiary relict fl ora, that covered large parts of the northern hemisphere during the Eocene but since ...