PURPOSE OF REVIEW Preparation for and induction of anesthesia in children has evolved significantly over the last decade, with particular reference to the reduction of perioperative anxiety reduction by nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic means. Several new large population studies and meta-analyses further scrutinize the current techniques. RECENT FINDINGS Many nonpharmacologic methods to red...

Tobacco is one of the main causes of mortality in industrialized countries, yet there is no treatment that is wholly efficacious for helping smokers to quit the habit. Physical exercise is one of the low-cost nonpharmacologic strategies in rehabilitation therapies in several diseases and its practice offers a way of combating the harmful effects of smoking on health. Studies have shown that phy...

Article abstract—Nonpharmacologic options for the treatment of epilepsy include epilepsy surgery, vagus nerve stimulation, and the ketogenic diet. The advantages and limitations of these treatment modalities have been extensively reviewed, but there is no general consensus on when each option should be considered. The authors propose an algorithm based on the type of epilepsy. Generally, nonpha...

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a category of diseases characterized by chronic airflow obstruction and hyperinflation. The GOLD committee and the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society have published detailed, evidence-based reviews of management approaches, providing stepped-care algorithms for pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapy. Over the past several d...

This article reviews the most common nonpharmacologic approaches used to support smoking cessation and, where possible, provides estimates of their efficacy in controlled clinical trials. Virtually all of the approaches that have been systematically evaluated to date have demonstrated modest efficacy in increasing quit rates. A cornerstone of effective treatment is tobacco dependence counseling...

Hepatorenal syndrome is a common and serious complication in cirrhotic patients, leading to significant morbidity mortality. Although pharmacological treatments have shown mortality benefit, the ideal hepatorenal treatment option liver transplantation with or without simultaneous kidney transplantation. Further research required optimize pharmacologic nonpharmacologic approaches treatment. An a...