Coherent condensate states of particles obeying either Bose or Fermi statistics are in the focus of interest in modern physics. Here we report on condensation of collective excitations with Bose statistics, cyclotron magnetoexcitons, in a high-mobility two-dimensional electron system in a magnetic field. At low temperatures, the dense non-equilibrium ensemble of long-lived triplet magnetoexcito...

background: understanding of the incident electron energy and angular distributions from clinical electron accelerators (linacs) is important for dosimetry and treatment planning. the most important goals of this study were to evaluate the energy fluence and angular distributions of electron beams from a neptun 10pc linac using the monte carlo (mc) code. materials and methods: the linac electro...

The main goal of this work is to determine a statistical non-equilibrium distribution function for the electron and holes in semiconductor heterostructures in steady-state conditions. Based on the postulates of local equilibrium, as well as on the integral form of the weighted Gyarmati’s variational principle in the force representation, using an alternative method, we have derived general expr...

This paper discusses the processes leading to the formation of 'hot' atoms and radicals possessing excessive translational energy in high-voltage NS pulse discharges. It is shown that the formation of such 'hot' atoms occurs efficiently both in the dissociation of molecules by direct electron impact, and in the collisional quenching of electronically excited states. Depending on the magnitude o...

We have developed a method of finding equilibrium Green’s functions for an electron gas with Coulomb interaction within the Kadanoff-Baym-Keldysh approach. This method is based on iterative numerical computation of the retarded self-energy in the self-consistent random-phase approximation. For a two-dimensional electron gas, we have calculated numerically various one-electron properties and the...

The full Klein-Nishina cross section for the inverse Compton scattering interactions of electrons implies a significant reduction of the electron energy loss rate compared to the Thomson limit when the electron energy exceeds the critical Klein-Nishina energy E K = γ K m e c 2 = 0.27m 2 e c 2 /(k B T), where T denotes the temperature of the photon graybody distribution. As a consequence the tot...

the aluminum oxide materials are widely used in ceramics, refractories and abrasives due to their hardness, chemical inertness, high melting point, non-volatility and resistance to oxidation and corrosion. the paper describes work done on synthesis of α-alumina by using the simple, non-expensive solution combustion method using glycine as fuel.aluminum oxide (al2o3) nanoparticles were synthesiz...

We apply an intense infrared laser pulse in order to perturb the electronic and vibrational states three-dimensional charge density wave material 1$T$-VSe$_2$. Ultrafast snapshots of light-induced hot carrier dynamics non-equilibrium quasiparticle spectral function are collected using time- angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The temperature time-dependent self-energy extracted from func...

Jarzynski and Crooks have recently shown that equilibrium free energy differences can be computed from non-equilibrium thermodynamic path integrals. In the present paper we give a new derivation of this extraordinary relation. Our derivation which is valid for time reversible deterministic systems highlights the close relationship between the non-equilibrium free energy theorems and the fluctua...

Adiabatic representation Representation in which the electronic wave functions are calculated for fixed (i.e., nonmoving) nuclei. Avoided intersection Case in which two potential energy surfaces come together but do not intersect. Conical intersection Case in which two potential energy surfaces intersect such that their separation decreases to zero linearly in the relevant nuclear coordinates. ...