In the extensive framework of historiography on relationship between railroads and cities that began in second half 19th century, a new phase thought action emerged from 1980s, driven by transport-oriented development approach node–place model within paradigms New Urbanism sustainable urbanism, respectively. This highlights need to integrate railway planning urban territorial take advantage pot...

BACKGROUND Despite substantial evidence for neighborhood characteristics correlating with walking, so far there has been limited attention to possible practical implications for neighborhood design. This study investigates to what extent design guidelines are likely to stimulate walking. METHODS Four of the New Urbanism Smart Scorecard criteria and two other measures were tested for their inf...

Cities are so common today that we cannot imagine a world without them. In fact, more than half of the world’s population lives in cities, and that number is expected to increase to two-thirds in the next century. For most of our history, however, there were no cities. Understandably, scholars want to know why, how, and when urban life began. Was the emergence of the city just a matter of nucle...

Today we tend to go back to the past to our root relation to nature. Therefore in search of friendly spaces there are elements of natural environment introduced as elements of spatial composition. Though reinvented through the use of the new substance such as greenery, water etc. made possible by state of the art technologies, still, in principal, they remain the same. As a result, sustainable ...

emerging of the industrial revolution caused the dominance of machine in man`s life. at the beginning, man was fascinated by machine; by its order, automation, and its efficiency. then he tried to adapt this mechanistic order to his life and create a completely ordered, clean and predictable environment. thus modern urbanism appeared. in comparison with dark, airless and contaminated industrial...