Abstract Biochar amendment and substituting chemical fertilizers with organic manure (organic substitution) have been widely reported to increase crop production decrease reactive nitrogen (Nr) loss including nitrous oxide (N 2 O), nitric (NO), ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions, N runoff leaching. However, few comprehensive evaluations performed on the environmental economic aspects of biochar or subst...

the value of wetlands is receiving increasing attention and the cost–benefit analyses (cba) is essential to evaluate the long-term effects of wetland rehabilitation projects. in order to guarantee the water quality of the south-to-north water diversion project of china (east route), the government of shandong province started a huge lakeshore wetland rehabilitation project in 2008. the cba appr...