In 1961, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) began to circulate biological preprints in a forgotten experiment called the Information Exchange Groups (IEGs). This system eventually attracted over 3,600 participants and saw the production of over 2,500 different documents, but by 1967, it was effectively shut down following the refusal of journals to accept articles that had been circulated ...

The adoption of RBRVS has and will continue to dramatically alter the way in which physicians are paid. The debate over national health care continues to be a top item on the nation's agenda. Experiments on the predetermined rationing of health care are now being conducted. While these topics have stolen the headlines, another important movement has quietly gained great momentum. Louis Sullivan...

this paper reviews the relationship between the rule of law, good governance, and sustainable development as those terms are used by the relevant development organizations; describes the efforts made by various organizations to promote the rule of law and good governance; and addresses the need to strengthen compliance and enforcement for sustainable development. a recent movement, which has re...

While citizens can know scientific facts, they also have faith in science - with faith defined as a firm belief for which there is no proof. Using national public opinion surveys from twelve nations from 1993 to 2010, I examine three different types of faith in science that citizens could hold. I examine temporal changes in levels of faith in science as well as the social determinants of each t...

Homegrown stereotypes are generalizations that groups develop about their own typical characteristics. They are a distinct class of in-group stereotypes in the contexts and processes that give rise to them, as well as in their consequences for individual group members. The authors develop the concept of homegrown stereotypes and locate the origins of these stereotypes in self-presentation proce...