The ENERCON Desalination Department has developed a new energy recovery system for RO desalination plants, optimized for the combination with wind energy converters. The main problem for the combination of desalination processes and wind energy is the fluctuation of power supply generated through renewable energies. Conventional desalination plants (and the belonging energy recovery systems) wo...

The origin and continuation of mankind is based on water. Water is one of the most abundant resources on earth, covering three-fourths of the planet’s surface. However, about 97% of the earth’s water is salt water in the oceans, and a tiny 3% is fresh water. This small percentage of the earth’s water—which supplies most of human and animal needs—exists in ground water, lakes and rivers. The onl...

Throughout the world, there are regions of vast extent that have many favorable features, but whose development is principally limited by the lack of fresh water. In arid areas where large-scale development has already occurred, e.g. parts of the Middle East and North Africa, the extraction of fresh water via desalination plants requires very large energy consumption. This motivates the develop...

Water is the most common substance in the world, however, 97% is seawater and only 3% is fresh water. The availability of water for human consumption is decreasing due to increasing the environmental pollution. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), about 2.4 billion people do not have access to basic sanitation facilities, and more than one billion people do not have access to safe ...

1. Introductory Remarks 2. Evaporation Processes 3. Multi-stage Flash Desalination Process 4. Seawater Supply System 5. Seawater Recirculation System 6. Feed Water System 7. Brine Blowdown System 8. Vacuum Raising and Maintaining System 9. Brine Recirculation System 10. Anti-scale Dosing System 11. Condensate Flow from Brine Heater System 12. Distillate System 13. Plant Loading Glossary Bibliog...

Throughout the world, there are regions of vast extent that have many favorable features, but whose development is principally limited by the lack of fresh water. In arid areas where large-scale development has already occurred, e.g. parts of the Middle East and North Africa, the extraction of fresh water via desalination plants requires very large energy consumption. This motivates the develop...

The paper presents an overview of environmental issues that may be expected with nuclear desalination. The analysis of coupling nuclear power with desalination plants indicates that adverse marine impacts can be mitigated with alternative intake designs or cooling systems. The atmospheric impact of desalination may be greatly reduced through the coupling with nuclear power, while maximizing the...

ii Acknowledgment iv Dedication vii List of Figures xvii List of Tables xxiv Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Water Crisis in Arab Countries 1 1.2 Research Motivation 2 1.3 Research Aims and Significance 3 A. The Significance of Neural Networks for Modeling of Large-Scale 4 Commercial Water Desalination Plants. B. The Significance of Steady-State and Dynamic Simulations of a Large-Scale Commercial M...