The incidence of whooping cough in the US has been rising slowly since the 1970s, but the pace of this has accelerated sharply since acellular pertussis vaccines replaced the earlier whole cell vaccines in the late 1990s. A similar trend occurred in many other countries, including the UK, Canada, Australia, Ireland, and Spain, following the switch to acellular vaccines. The key question is why....

Strategies to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV include vaccines that elicit durable, protective mucosal immune responses. A key to effective mucosal immunity is the capacity for antigens administered locally to cross epithelial barriers. Given the role of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in transferring IgG across polarized epithelial cells which line mucosal surfaces, FcRn might be useful for...

In induction of systemic and mucosal immunity, particulate antigens are more effective than soluble antigens possibly because they are more efficiently endocytosed by mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) M cells. In this study, we determined the systemic and mucosal immune responses in rabbits following intranasal immunization of tetanus toxoid TT and CpG-ODN encapsulated within PLGA nanos...

In induction of systemic and mucosal immunity, particulate antigens are more effective than soluble antigens possibly because they are more efficiently endocytosed by mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) M cells. In this study, we determined the systemic and mucosal immune responses in rabbits following intranasal immunization of tetanus toxoid TT and CpG-ODN encapsulated within PLGA nanos...

Papillomaviruses are ubiquitous DNA viruses affecting humans and animals and causing a variety of tumours of mucosal and cutaneous epithelia. Some of these lesions, particularly those affecting mucosal epithelia, can progress to squamous cell carcinomas. Prevention or cure of viral infection would ultimately lead to a decrease in the incidence of papillomavirus-associated cancers. Using recombi...

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants concern (VOCs), especially the sweeping spread delta variant, and differing public health management strategies, have rendered global eradication unlikely. currently available COVID-19 vaccines, including inactivated whole virus mRNA adenovirus-vectored are effective in protecting people from severe disease death COVID-19, but they may not confer good mucosa...