The taste thresholds of caged cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) for aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, citric acid, and sucrose were studied using two-choice taste-preference tests. The effects of location on the threshold were tested by putting the flavored solution in either the preferred or non-preferred locations (i.e. sides of cages) and offering water in the opposite location. Four pa...

The paradigm of multi-criteria decision making considers not only many attributes in the decision-making process but also the optimization of a number of objectives to accomplish certain targets. A multi-objective programming problem is a problem involving the simultaneous optimization of various, often conflicting, objective functions under certain given constraints to find compromise solution...

The Federal Court of Appeal recently rendered its judgment in Citibank15 and affirmed the Tax Court of Canada’s earlier decision.16 The issue in Citibank was whether certain shares constituted “term preferred shares,” as defined in subsection 248(1) of the Act. Where a specified financial institution (SFI) acquires term preferred shares in the ordinary course of business, subsection 112(2.1) of...

Have you ever been handed an EOB that looked . . . well . . . strange? Maybe it had some unfamiliar corporate name and logo you'd never seen before. Then, as you read down, did you end up scratching your head, wondering why your original charges had been discounted so heavily, and for a patient who didn't seem to be in any network you belonged to? If so, you may have been the unwitting victim o...

This paper investigates time-consistent plans by incorporating the reference-dependent consumption model with endogenous labor supply. To what extent these plans can help the consumer overcome the double self-control problems of over-consumption and late-retirement is discussed. The consumption level and labor supply of the preferred personal equilibrium solution are compared with those of ex-a...