herbivory is observed in different forms, one of these forms leading to gall production. among gall–inducing insects, oak gall wasps (hymenoptera: cynipidae) are found on the oak trees producing galls on certain parts of the host. in this survey, oak gall wasps were collected from oak forests in west azerbaijan in spring (2010). the occurred galls on oak trees (in spring) were collected from su...

"In 1963 I was a graduate student in ecology at the University of Washington. Many of my fellows and mentors were studying the competitive relations among similar species, and they were in need of a simple measurement to condense dietary data for two animals into a single number expressing their similarity. I invented such a measure and modified another due to Morisita, and my measures were use...

Abstract Accurate forest density estimates based on United States Public Land Surveys have long been questioned because of doubts about randomness both the surveyors' selection witness trees and underlying tree dispersion. This study analyzes surveyor sampling in six Midwestern states mid‐1800s. It develops universal methods for identification, quantification, correction bias, then calculation ...

In this study eight di€erent species of barnacles were found within nine species of sponges from the Red Sea. This brings to 11 the number of sponge-symbiotic barnacles reported from the Red Sea, two of these are new Acasta species (not described herein) and one (A. tzetlini Kolbasov) is a new record for this sea. This number is much higher than that of symbiotic barnacles found within sponges ...

There have been intense debates about the decomposition of regional diversity (gamma) into its within-community component (alpha) and between-community component (beta). Although a recent Ecology Forum achieved consensus in the use of "numbers equivalents" (Hill numbers) as the proper choice of diversity measure, three related major issues were still left unresolved. (1) What is the precise mea...