Recent advances in sound engineering have led to the development of so-called “streamlined music” designed to reduce exogenous attention and improve endogenous attention. Although anecdotal reports suggest that streamlined music does indeed improve focus on daily work tasks and may improve mood, the specific influences of streamlined music on cognition and mood have yet to be examined. In this ...

background and purpose: this study intends to identify the numbers and some characteristics of the teachers of various english courses offered at medical universities affiliated to the ministry of health during the second semester of the academic year 2005-6. methods: the methods used in this research were “gathering existing data”, and “descriptive study”. the research was conducted by sending...