nowadays, the machinery dependent life makes the people take refuge in natural recreational places. therefore, evaluating the recreational value of natural promenades has great importance to lead to more protection. in this research, economic valuation of sorkheh hesar national park, and protected area of geno were computed, and socio-economic factors compared in each area. geno protected area ...

I estimate Modified-Dynamics (MOND), median M/L values for recently published catalogues of galaxy groups. While the median, Newtonian M/L values quoted for these catalogues are (110 − 200)h75(M/L) , the corresponding values for MOND are less than 10 (M/L) (where the mass includes contributions from galactic, and intra-group gas). Subject headings: Galaxies: kinematics and dynamics; Cosmology: ...

It is shown that the MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) explains the tilt of the fundamental plane of elliptical galaxies without the need of non-baryonic dark matter. Results found for elliptical galaxies extends to globular clusters and galaxy clusters, showing that MOND agrees with observations over 7 order of magnitude in acceleration.

We first review the nonrelativistic lagrangian theory as a framework for the MOND equation. Obstructions to a relativistic version of it are discussed leading up to TeVeS, a relativistic tensor-vectorscalar field theory which displays both MOND and Newtonian limits. The whys for its particular structure are discussed and its achievements so far are summarized.

Abstract It has been demonstrated that the difference between Renormalised Brane World (RBW) model and Lambda Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) occurs only at sufficiently distant times. In this paper, it is shown for spherically symmetric situations an analog deviation RBW Newton's theory large distances. More precisely, of nothing other than explanation Milgrom's hypothesis follows from itself. Therefo...

Protected areas play an important role in the evolving challenge of maintaining a sustainable world. Not only do they provide refuges for biological diversity, but they play an equally significant role in the changing economic and social basis of local communities and nations. That protected areas are increasingly becoming a source of tourist revenue is not surprising. In many cases, such as th...

MOND predicts that a mass, M , contained within its transition radius rt ≡ (MG/a0) , may exhibit a feature at about that radius in the form of a shell, or projected ring, in the deduced distribution of its phantom dark matter. This is despite the absence of any underlying feature in the true (“baryon”) source distribution itself. The phenomenon is similar to the appearance of an event horizon a...

Lo, Sargent, and Young (1993) have recently published an analysis of the HI kinematics of nine faint dwarf galaxies. Among other things, they conclude that the masses of these systems, as deduced by the modified dynamics (MOND) from the observed velocity dispersions, are systematically smaller than even the HI masses that are observed in these systems, by a factor of ten or more. Such a state o...

Protected area management agencies often struggle to reliably reconstruct grazer assemblages due to a lack of historical distribution data for their regions. Wrong predictions of grazing assemblages could potentially affect biodiversity negatively. The objective of the study was to determine how well grazing herbivores have become established since introduction to the Mkambati Nature Reserve, S...