Improved crop varieties are needed to sustain the food supply, to fi ght climate changes, water scarcity, temperature increase and a high variability of rainfalls. Variability of drought and increase in soil salinity have negative effects on plant growth and abiotic stresses seriously threaten sustainable agricultural production. To overcome the infl uence of abiotic stresses, new tolerant plan...

Nrf2 is the key transcription factor regulating the antioxidant response. Nrf2 signaling is repressed by Keap1 at basal condition and induced by oxidative stress. Keap1 is recently identified as a Cullin 3-dependent substrate adaptor protein. A two-sites binding "hinge & latch" model vividly depicts how Keap1 can efficiently present Nrf2 as substrate for ubiquitination. Oxidative perturbation c...

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have changed the management and outcomes of chronic myeloid leukemia patients. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction is used to monitor molecular responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Molecular monitoring represents the most sensitive tool to judge chronic myeloid leukemia disease course and allows early detection of relapse. Evidence of achieving molecular respon...

A solution to get the problem off, have you found it? Really? What kind of solution do you resolve the problem? From what sources? Well, there are so many questions that we utter every day. No matter how you will get the solution, it will mean better. You can take the reference from some books. And the molecular basis of the immune response is one book that we really recommend you to read, to g...

Monocytes and Macrophages (Mo/Mɸ) exhibit great plasticity, as they can shift between different modes of activation and, driven by their immediate microenvironment, perform divergent functions. These include, among others, patrolling their surroundings and maintaining homeostasis (resident Mo/Mɸ), combating invading pathogens and tumor cells (classically activated or M1 Mo/Mɸ), orchestrating wo...

Since the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib, the first targeted cancer therapy, survival of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) patients has approached that of the normal population [1]. Treatment with TKI leads to reduction of malignant cells by several orders of magnitude, sometimes even below the level of detection of very sensitive molecular assays. Thus, in recent years ach...

Bohdan Schatschneider,1 Jian-Jie Liang,2 Anthony M. Reilly,3 Noa Marom,4 Guo-Xu Zhang,3 and Alexandre Tkatchenko3,* 1The Pennsylvania State University, Fayette, The Eberly Campus, Lemont Furnace, Pennsylvania 15456, USA 2Accelrys Inc., 10188 Telesis Court, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, USA 3Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany 4Instit...

Every human being is different based on genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Novel medical technologies have become more precise owing to molecular information, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, etc. The “omics” technologies have opened up new horizons for healthcare systems, enabling them to prevent and/or diagnose diseases more precisel...

The interaction between nucleotides and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is a subjectof many investigations for treating diseases but there are many questions in this field thatremain unanswered. Because of experimental methods involve assumptions andinterpretation besides limitations, there are many problems that the best study for them isusing theoretical study. Consequently, t...

antimicrobial peptides (amps) are extensive group of molecules that produced by variety tissues of invertebrate, plants, and animal species which play an important role in their immunity response. amps have different classifications such as; biosynthetic machines, biological sources, biological functions, molecular properties, covalent bonding patterns, three dimensional structures, and molecul...