background and objectives: molecular typing methods are important and useful tools to assess the transmission, diversity of strains and differentiation between new infections and relapses which can effectively help in controlling infections. the aim of this study was to evaluate the molecular typing methods which have been used in iran. by evaluating the results and discriminatory power of each...

Two types of cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts, maintain bone homeostasis by balancing each other’s function [1,2]. Osteoblasts, which build bone, are derived from a mesenchymal progenitor cell that can also differentiate into marrow stromal cells and adipocytes [3]. Osteoclasts, originating from hemopoietic progenitors of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, immigrate into bone via the blood stre...

We present evidence that low-mass starless cores, the simplest units of star formation, are systematically differentiated in their chemical composition. Molecules including CO and CS almost vanish near the core centers, where the abundance decreases by at least one or two orders of magnitude with respect to the value in the outer core. At the same time, the N2H + molecule has a constant abundan...

The myogenic regulatory factors are necessary for the determination and terminal differentiation of skeletal muscle. Gene targeting experiments have demonstrated that MyoD and Myf5 are important for myogenic determination whereas myogenin and MRF4 are important for terminal differentiation and lineage maintenance. During development, all trunk skeletal muscle is derived from the somite. Two spa...

Diversity and differentiation among three populations representing the geographical domains commonly recognized within the natural distribution area of Picea abies were analysed by using a set of 292 AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism), SSR (single sequence repeat) and ESTP (expressed sequence tags polymorphism) markers. As usually observed in forest trees, results showed high within-...

Male sexual differentiation is the result of complex mechanisms involving developmental genetics and endocrinology. Formation of the bipotential gonads and subsequently the testes is dependent on a series of sex chromosome-linked and autosomal genes. The testes secrete both peptide and steroid hormones essential for the formation of internal and external genitalia. Hormone action is mediated vi...

The three low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) available in the United States have been extensively evaluated for a wide array of indications. Properties associated with one LMWH cannot be assumed to be the same as those associated with another LMWH, as they are different pharmacologic entities. Therefore, therapeutic interchange of these agents is inappropriate. The pharmacokinetic and pharma...

Differentiated T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) T-cells show striking differences in their patterns of cytokine expression. This process is initiated by stimulation with antigen and the cytokines IL-12 and IL-4, respectively, and requires antigen-induced transcription factors such as NFAT and cytokine-induced transcription factors such as STAT4, induced by IL-12, and STAT6, induced by IL-4...

The nucleotide sequences of the rRNA genes and the 5' flanking region were determined for R. salmoninarumATCC 33209T from overlapping products generated by PCR amplification from the genomic DNA. Comparisonof the sequences with rRNA genes from a variety of bacteria demonstrated the close relatedness between R.salmoninarum and the high G+C group of the actinobacteria, in particul...