This study investigates some the reading passages in terms of hortatory messages. To this end amethodology based on Critical Discourse Analysis was adopted. The reading texts from ELTtextbooks were examined through a model which drew on Fairclough's approach to CDA,specifically (Fairclough, 2003) in which three characteristic features of hortatory texts areintroduced. The analysis reveals that ...

the sociology of law is concerned with explaining the relationship between law and society and studying of the social organization of law (as an order or a system), the social interactions of legal practitioners and people in this area and the meaning that people actually give to sociolegal realities. among the founding fathers of sociology, max weber is one of the most famous thinkers that eve...

Against the ideal of value-free science I argue that science is not––and cannot be––value-free and that relevant values are both cognitive and moral. I develop an argument by indicating various aspects of the value-ladenness of science. The recognition of the value-ladenness of science requires rethinking our understanding of the rationality and responsibility of science. Its rationality cannot...

this paper is an attempt to criticize “universalism” and “rationality” that is engraved in the epistemological foundations of the social sciences in the modernity era. this attempt will help to reconstruct these foundations provide a better understanding of the processes of reasoning and production of knowledge by generations and gender. the concept of rationality with a universalistic approach...

This commentary expands on two of the key themes briefly raised in the paper involving analysis of the evidence about key contextual influences on decisions of value. The first theme focuses on the need to explore in more detail what is called backstage decision-making looking at how actual decisions are made drawing on evidence from ethnographies about decision-making. These studies point to l...