Routing and multicasting in ad hoc networks is a matured research subject. Most of the proposed algorithms assume a physically flat network architecture with mobile hosts having homogeneous capability in terms of network resources and computing power. In practice however, this assumption often may not hold true since there exist various types of mobile hosts with different role, capacity, and m...

A mobile ad hoc network is a collection of autonomous nodes that communicate with each other by forming a multi-top wireless network. Different from conventional wireless networks, the resource of the nodes in ad hoc networks is limited and there may be tens of thousands of low-power energy constrained nodes in ad hoc networks. As such, the costs of the nodes resource and the network size shoul...