In 1987 Mouret performed the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy, starting a revolution in surgery. For paediatricians it is difficult to appreciate the magnitude of what has occurred in this short period. The development of minimal access techniques represents the most significant change in surgical practice since the introduction of aseptic technique or safe anaesthesia. As with many innovatio...

BACKGROUND Cardiac surgery has been the last area of clinical surgery to adopt and embrace minimally invasive surgical techniques. Since the onset of arterial embolectomy in 1965, arthroscopic knee surgery performed in 1975 and laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 1985, huge advances in videoscopic, thorascopic and small incision surgery has taken place in all specialties which now allow change in t...

Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) was introduced almost 40 years ago. 1 In the 1980s and 1990s, three-port PPV with 20-gauge (G) instruments was the norm. In 2002, 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy (TSV) was introduced.2,3 This system permits threeport PPV using microcannulas, trocars, and 25-G instrumentation without requiring sutures to close the sclerotomies. Subsequently, a similar...

The seven pillars of governance established by the National Health Service in the United Kingdom provide a useful framework for the process of introducing new procedures to a hospital. Drawing from local experience, the author present guidance for institutions considering establishing a minimal access mitral valve program. The seven pillars of governance apply to the practice of minimally invas...

T morbidity of surgical approaches in Scoliosis are also decreasing with the technological advances for improving surgical procedures similar to every field of surgery. Incapacitating spinal deformities were previously inevitable or possible with challenges at high surgical risks. During the time, evolvings in the implant industry with supports of visual and navigation technologies easened furt...

Since the first report of endoscopic subtotal parathyroidectomy in 1996, a variety of endoscopic surgical approaches has been reported. These endoscopic approaches include the minimally-invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy (MIVAT), the endoscopic lateral approach, the lateral mini-incision approach, the anterior/chest (hybrid) approach, the transaxillary approach, the axillobreast approach, th...

EDITORIAL BOARD Ivan Goldberg MBBS, FRANZCO, FRACS. Head, Glaucoma Unit, Sydney Eye Hospital & Discipline of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney. Remo Susanna MD, Professor and Head of Department of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Glaucoma Now is a continuing medical education publication. Distributed worldwide, our goal is to educate and update general ophthalmologists, glaucom...

FIG lo-Erect chest radiograph showing a large pneumoperitoneum with air under both diaphragms. The right hemidiaphragm is raised. Dilated air filled loops of bowel are projected overthe liver (arrows)-both sides ofthe bowel wall can be seen (Rigler's sign). Summary Diagnostic quality Alignment of bones Bone margins and density Cartilage and joints Soft tissues Bowel gas pattern Pneumoperitoneum...