the caspian sea as the biggest surrounded water body (lake) in the world is bordered by the states of azerbaijan, russia, iran, kazakhstan and turkmenistan. urban development in addition to the increase of industrial and oil production activities (oil refinery and petrochemical plants) in the northern and eastern regions of caspian sea in recent years have caused entrance of high amount of oily...

International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 359 cored sediments from eight borehole locations in the carbonate platform of the Maldives in the Indian Ocean. The expedition set out to unravel the timing of Neogene climate changes, in particular the evolution of the South Asian monsoon and fluctuations of the sea level. The timing of these changes are assessed by dating resultant sedi...

[1] Two sets of sea surface temperature/sea ice changes are used to test the sensitivity of tracer transport to the pattern of warming in the doubled CO2 climate. One set (2CO2WT) has greater tropical and high latitude sea surface temperature changes than the other (2CO2), although both fall within the range of plausible response. Simulations were done both with and without interactive ozone. R...

Heterotrophic bacteria are significant components of prokaryotic communities in marine ecosystems (AzAm & HodSoN, 1977). methods developed in last few decades for studying microorganisms, including optical, radioactive marking methods and molecular techniques, have shown that many of the methods previously used actually ignored A one-year survey of HNA and LNA heterotrophic bacteria abundance a...

Seismic correlation of glacial unconformities from the Ross Sea outer continental shelf to chronostratigraphic control at DSDP sites 272 and 273 indicates that at least two West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) expansions occurred during the early part of the middle Miocene (i.e. well before completion of continental-scale expansion of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) inferred from N18O and eustat...

Sea ̄oor geomorphology and sur®cial stratigraphy of the New Jersey middle continental shelf provide a detailed record of sea-level change during the last advance and retreat of the Laurentide ice sheet (t120 kyr B.P. to Present). A NW±SE-oriented corridor on the middle shelf between water depths of ,40 m (the mid-shelf apaleo-shoreo) and ,100 m (the Franklin apaleoshoreo) encompasses ,500 line-k...

The satellite record since 1979 shows downward trends in Arctic sea ice extent in all months, which are smallest in winter and largest in September. Previous studies have linked changes in winter atmospheric circulation, anomalously cold extremes and large snowfalls in mid-latitudes to rapid decline of Arctic sea ice in the preceding autumn. Using observational analyses, we show that the winter...

Pixel-based visualizations have become popular, because they are capable of displaying large anwunts of data and at the same time provide many details. However, pixel-based visualizations are only effective if the data set is not sparse and the data distribution not random. Single pixels no maller if they are in an empty area or in the middle of a large area of diffe rently colored pixels are p...