The adaptive landscape for an industrially relevant phenotype is determined by the effects of the genetic determinants on the fitness of the microbial system. Identifying the underlying adaptive landscape for a particular phenotype of interest will greatly enhance our abilities to engineer more robust microbial strains. Visualizing evolution in real-time (VERT) is a recently developed method ba...

Despite the relevance of landscape, regarding the spatial patterning of microbial communities and the relative influence of environmental parameters versus human activities, few investigations have been conducted at this scale. Here, we used a systematic grid to characterize the distribution of soil microbial communities at 278 sites across a monitored agricultural landscape of 13 km². Molecula...

Microbial depolymerization processes of exogenous type are studied by modeling and simulation. A mathematical model is transformed to remove a temporal factor of a degradation rate, and an inverse problem is solved numerically to determine the molecular factor using weight distributions with respect to the molecular weight before and after cultivation of a microbial consortium on plyethylene gl...

The effect of four triazinyl-sulfonylurea herbicides (cinosulfuron, prosulfuron, thifensulfuron methyl, triasulfuron) on soil microbial biomass, soil respiration, metabolic activity, metabolic quotient, and some enzymatic activities (acid and alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase, arylsulphatase, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis) were monitored under controlled conditions over 30 days. The he...

The effect of homologous recombination (HR) on the evolution of microbial genomes remains contentious as competing hypotheses seek to explain the evolutionary dynamics of microbial species. Evidence for HR between microbial genomes is widespread, and this process has been proposed to act as a cohesive force that can constrain the diversification of microbial lineages. We seek to characterize th...

Forest land-use changes have long been suggested to profoundly affect soil microbial communities. However, how forest type conversion influences soil microbial properties remains unclear in Tibetan boreal forests. The aim of this study was to explore variations of soil microbial profiles in the surface organic layer and subsurface mineral soil among three contrasting forests (natural coniferous...

Seasonal and spatial distributions of extracellular enzymatic activities and microbial incorporations of dissolved organic substrates were followed in sediments of the brackish water Kiel Bight (Baltic Sea, Federal Republic of Germany). Enzymatic hydrolysis of polymeric organic compounds was determined by means of fluorogenic substrates (4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-d-glucoside, l-leucine-4-methyl...

This study is descriptive - cross sectional and  during  the 8 months from  winter of 2012 to spring and summer 2013 was performed . In this study at first, with preparation and organization the questionnaire, information about  usage, type and functionality of household treatment systems were collected. Then from 20 Household water treatment ،after water treatment, the samples were taken. samp...

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pattern of vancomycin administration in the hematology-oncology ward of Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz, Iran. Study criteria were developed to assess the several parameters involved in vancomycin therapy. These parameters include the appropriateness of drug usage, dosage, duration of therapy, monitoring for toxicity and serum concentration monitoring. ...