We have recently begun investigation of a non-silicon based new computing paradigm called "micro/nanofluidic computing" where basic computing elements such as logic gates may be incorporated into very small scale devices. The two key aspects of micro-/nanofluidics are the extremely small amount of materials processed and the relatively fast processing time. Because of these characteristics, mic...

We report a novel surface-micromachined micro-optical bench (MOB) technology which enables us to monolithically integrate "flipped-up" free-space optical elements with micro-positioners and micro-actuators. This technology allows complete optical systems be implemented on a single Si chip using IC-like microfabrication processes. We have, for the first time, successfully fabricated micro-Fresne...

Lithography, the fundamental fabrication process of semiconductor devices, is playing a critical role nowadays in the fabrication of microand nano-structures especially for the realization of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), microfluidic devices, photonic crystals, photonic integrated circuits, micro-optics, and plasmonic optoelectronic devices. These devices have various practical appl...

manganese and cobalt concentrations in hair and nail were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (aas).the mean manganese in hair and nail were 0.54 â± 0.35mg/g and 0.68 â± 0.30mg/g while the mean cobalt in hair and nail were 0.30 â± 0.24mg/g and 0.460.37mg/g respectively. a progressive increase in cobalt concentrations in hair and nails with age indicated no significant differ...

The giant nerve fiber of the squid (Loligo pealii L.) has been investigated in situ, and in fresh and fixed preparations, by differential interference microscopy and electron microscopy. A continuous, three-dimensional network, composed of threadlike elements, was disclosed in the axoplasm. The threadlike elements in the axoplasm are twisted as a whole into a steep, right-handed helix. In a per...

A hierarchical MEMS synthesis and optimization architecture has been developed for MEMS design automation. The architecture integrates an object-oriented component library with a MEMS simulation tool and two levels of optimization: global genetic algorithms and local gradient-based refinement. An object-oriented data structure is used to represent hierarchical levels of elements in the design l...