This paper studies the system optimum dynamic traffic assignment in a network consisting of a hypothetical surface street grid and a congested freeway section. Vehicles can be diverted through off-ramps, and onramps can be metered. The family of solutions are identified graphically using Newell s queueing diagrams. Because enforcing diversion is still a technological puzzle, these results provi...

BACKGROUND Nebulised frusemide has been shown to be protective against bronchoconstricting stimuli in adult asthmatic subjects and against cold air challenge in children. Animal studies suggest that inhaled frusemide may be more effective in the young. METHODS A double blind placebo, controlled, crossover study on the effect on exercise of pretreatment with frusemide (20 mg) from a metered do...

An impactor method was used to assess the amount of beclomethasone dipropionate in particles less than 5 microns produced by two nebulisers (Pari Inhalierboy, Medix Traveller compressor with cirrhus nebuliser chamber) and two spacer devices (Volumatic and Nebuhaler). After nebulisation of 3 ml (150 micrograms) beclomethasone dipropionate the amount of drug in particles less than 5 microns was 1...

The pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) was introduced to deliver asthma medications in a convenient and reliable multi-dose presentation. The key components of the pMDI device (propellants, formulation, metering valve, and actuator) all play roles in the formation of the spray, and in determining drug delivery to the lungs. Hence the opportunity exists to design a pMDI product by adjusting...

School nurses can have significant cohorts of students with asthma. Effectively managing asthma in school can be challenging in terms of time, resources, and outcomes. A valuable focus for the school nurse is inhaled medication administration. Understanding the details required for optimal inhalation technique with metered-dose inhalers is the foundation for developing the skills to deliver and...