this review gives an overview of our recent findings and developments in research on brain mechanisms of morphine reward from studies using the place preference conditioning paradigm. intracranial place conditioning methodology has become a valuable and firmly established and very widely used tool in behavioural pharmacology and drug reward mechanisms. several studies have established that morp...

different recovery mechanisms are activated during the production from reservoirs. wells sometimes are kept with the injection. therefore the evaluation of injection indices depended on material injection, seems to be necessary. this study is going to determine the drive indices for a reservoir by making a model using eclipse. the model consists a gas cap and aquifer, in which there is an injec...

we deal with a wide range of colors in our daily life. they are such ubiquitous phenomena that is hard and next to impossible to imagine even a single entity (be it an object, place, living creature, etc) devoid of them. they are like death and tax which nobody can dispense with. this omnipresence of colors around us has also made its way through abstract and less tangible entities via the inte...

Trait anxiety began as a psychodynamic concept, poorly tied to observables, and requiring Freudian defense mechanisms to explain recurrent anxiety episodes. Spielberger's thoughtful efforts improved the concept, but some important limitations remained. Lilienfeld, Turner, and Jacob (1989, 1993, 1996) uncritically accepted Spielberger's work on trait anxiety and asserted that it is the standard ...

Abstract Different bacterial community profiles were observed on the soft coral Dendronephthya sp. and an inanimate reference site using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of bacterial community DNA. To correlate the observation with a chemical defense mechanism against bacterial epibiosis, antibacterial effects of coral tissue extracts and waterborne products of coral-a...

Reputation systems provide mechanisms through which multiple parties can quantify the trust between one another. These systems seek to generate an accurate assessment in the face of unprecedented community size, while providing anonymity and resilience to malicious attacks. We focus on attacks and defense mechanisms in reputation systems. We present an analysis framework that allows for general...

Pain is not the only defense mechanism that alerts us to a physical hazard — the other is itch, an unpleasant sensation that is distinct from pain because it provokes the desire to scratch. Although pain and itch feel different, these two sensations share many qualities. Both are aversive sensations that evolved to protect us. Moreover, both can become pathological, developing into chronic debi...

Researching efficiency of group-analytic treatment and following Foulkes' principle of the "group-as-a-whole", the methodology was applied. That enabled the evaluation of expected changes of group members individually, as well as the group-as-a-whole. In this study three small groups (20 patients) were followed up and changes were evaluated after second and after fourths years of group analysis...