This paper seeks to advance research on interpersonal exchange relationships between supervisors, subordinates, and coworkers at work by integrating social exchange, workplace friendship, and climate research to develop a multi-level model. We tested the model using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) with data obtained from a sample of 215 manager-employee dyads working in 36 teams. At the indi...

Objective: The survival of today's organizations in the competitive business environment requires recognizing factors affecting productivity. On one hand, improving the relationship between the leader and his followers has a significant role in improving the efficiency of the organization; on the other hand, the existence of envy at the workplace is one of the intangible factors affecting labor...

nowadays, the status of regulations of securities exchange section in accordance with its huge transactions and its increasing role in countries’ economies has gained particular significance. on the other hand, taking into account that iran is presently an observer member of wto and the necessity of its becoming a permanent one in the near future, it is essential to revise and amend its rules a...

Considering necessity of recognizing the knowledge-based economy and achieving its foundations in Iran, the main issue of this research is to clarify the relationship between intellectual capital and Refined EVA in insurance companies which are member of Tehran Stock Exchange. In this research, the Refined EVA index was used to evaluate and measure the intellectual capital of the Palick model a...