in the current paper, we have studied the effect of dark energy on for-mation where dark energy exists in the background. for this purpose, we used both wmap9 and planck data to study how the radius changes with redshift in these mod-els. we used different data sets to fix the cosmological parameters to obtain a solution for a spherical region under collapse. the mechanism of structure formation f...

A new and highly efficient architecture for elliptic curve scalar point multiplication is presented. To achieve the maximum architectural and timing improvements we have reorganized and reordered the critical path of the Lopez-Dahab scalar point multiplication architecture such that logic structures are implemented in parallel and operations in the critical path are diverted to noncritical path...

Diptera are among the most serious arthropod pests affecting mushroom crops. Phorid flies, especially Megaselia halterata, have traditionally been globally considered as a minor pest, although they very important problem on Spanish farms. The concerns with respect to phorid fly populations recently increased, notably jumping from being major pest in India, UK and USA, where yield losses ranging...

Beauty is always an attractive topic in the human society, not only artists and psychologists, but also scientists have been searching for an answer – what is beautiful. This paper presents an approach to learning the human sense toward facial beauty. Different from previous study, the human sense is represented by a label distribution, which covers the full range of beauty ratings and indicate...

Many practical systems have a large number of state variables, but only a few components involve time delays. These components are often scalar or low dimensional, and typically only one delay is present in each such component. A special form of coupled differential-difference equations with one delay per channel proposed recently is well suited to formulate such systems. This article extends t...

We consider the problem of system reconstruction from arbitrarily selected slices of the nth-order output spectrum. We establish that unique identification of the impulse response of a system can be performed, up to a scalar and a circular shift, based on any two one-dimensional (1-D) slices of the discretized nth-order output spectrum, (n 3), as long as the distance between the slices and the ...

Since Edwards curves were introduced to elliptic curve cryptography by Bernstein and Lange in 2007, they have received a lot of attention due to their very fast group law operation. Pairing computation on such curves is slightly slower than on Weierstrass curves. However, in some pairing-based cryptosystems, they might require a number of scalar multiplications which is time-consuming operation...