The average daily maximum temperature for the coldest month during the winters of 1977-1978 and 1978-1979, when bluetongue (BT) virus overwintered in a cycle between Culicoides spp. and cattle in western Turkey (Aydin and Izmir provinces), was found to be 12.5 degrees C. This temperature agreed with the lowest temperatures found for Culicoides activity and for flight over long distances. Overwi...

[1] Using a global observational dataset of daily gridded maximum and minimum temperatures we investigate changes in the respective probability density functions of both variables using two 30-year periods; 1951–1980 and 1981– 2010. The results indicate that the distributions of both daily maximum and minimum temperatures have significantly shifted towards higher values in the latter period com...

natural climatic conditions in urban areas can be changed by human physical environment. climate as a natural system and city as a human system have close mutual connections. urban population growth and consequent increase in urban physical expansion may lead to intensification in human activities and disturbances in the environment. this contributes to alterations in solar radiation, balance o...

abstract this experiment, conducted to examine the effects of temperature and photoperiod on seed germination of watergrass (echinochlo aoryzoides) as a new-introduced and barnyardgrass (e. crus-galli) as a common weed species in rice fields of guilan province. this study was consisted of two separate experiments. at the first study, germination responses of two species to different temperature...

simultaneous heat and water model (shaw) is based on the assimilation rate of melting and/or freezing of the accumulated snow as well as melting of ice in soil. the main objective of this study was to evaluate applicability of shaw model in determining maximum depth of frost penetration in soils in some typical climates of iran. to this end, the daily data of air temperature, soil temperatures ...

Heat resistance of spores of Bacillus strains was compared with the temperature adaptation of each strain as measured by the optimum and maximum growth temperatures and the heat resistance of vegetative cells. Maximum growth temperatures ranged from 31 to 76 degrees C and were little affected by the nature of the growth medium. The temperature giving maximum growth rate was closely correlated t...

When applying a quantile mapping-based bias correction to daily temperature extremes simulated by a global climate model (GCM), the transformed values of maximum and minimum temperatures are changed, and the diurnal temperature range (DTR) can become physically unrealistic. While causes are not thoroughly explored, there is a strong relationship between GCM biases in snow albedo feedback during...

abstract temperature is the most important environmental factor that affects flowering and fruiting. the temperatures induce reproduction and cause damaging to tree or its crop.this paper analyzed daily minimum temperatures 0.0oc, and maximum temperatures 12.5 oc from october 1 to may 31 at nine sites in olive producing and cultivating regions, and one control station, using thermal adaptabilit...

In order to evaluate cardinal temperatures and optimum thermal range of germination of three medicinal plants including Ajowan, Fennel and Dill an experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design with three replications. Temperatures considered for this study were: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 ?C. Results indicated that temperature affected germination rate and percentage of these cro...