BACKGROUND The left midfusiform and adjacent regions have been implicated in processing and memorizing familiar words, yet its role in memorizing novel characters has not been well understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using functional MRI, the present study examined the hypothesis that the left midfusiform is also involved in memorizing novel characters and spaced learning could enhance...

Over the past few decades, neuroscience research has illuminated the neural mechanisms supporting learning from reward feedback, demonstrating a critical role for the striatum and midbrain dopamine system. Learning paradigms are increasingly being extended to understand learning dysfunctions in mood and psychiatric disorders as well as addiction in the area of computational psychiatry. However,...

Protein kinases play critical roles in learning and memory and in long term potentiation (LTP), a form of synaptic plasticity. The induction of late-phase LTP (L-LTP) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus requires several kinases, including CaMKII and PKA, which are activated by calcium-dependent signaling processes and other intracellular signaling pathways. The requirement for PKA is limited t...

The purpose of the study was to activate the passive lexical knowledge through noticing and to investigate the effect of sentence writing as the post task of noticing activity on strengthening the effect of noticing. Forty-two Iranian female adult upper-intermediate English students of a state university in 2 homogenous groups participated in noticing the lexical items whose production were not...

In this book, we have explored the possibility that elusive ground targets are becoming increasingly salient. As discussed in the Introduction, advances in standoff sensors and weapons are making massed mechanized forces in the open highly vulnerable. Making ground forces more elusive is one possible counter to this vulnerability. Dispersing, hiding, engaging in deception, and shifting fires to...