For exponential random graph models, under quite general conditions, it is proved that induced subgraphs on node sets disconnected from the other nodes still have distributions from an exponential random graph model. This can help in the theoretical interpretation of such models. An application is that for saturated snowball samples from a potentially larger graph which is a realization of an e...

BACKGROUND Findings of whether marginalized neighbourhoods have less healthy retail food environments (RFE) are mixed across countries, in part because inconsistent approaches have been used to characterize RFE 'healthfulness' and marginalization, and researchers have used non-spatial statistical methods to respond to this ultimately spatial issue. METHODS This study uses in-store features to...

The objective of this study was to calculate average years of life lost due to breast and cervical cancer in Mexico in 2000 and 2010. Data on mortality in women aged between 20 and 84 years was obtained from the National Institute for Statistics and Geography. Age-specific mortality rates and average years of life lost, which is an estimate of the number of years that a person would have lived ...

This paper is a continuation of the authors’ theoretical investigation of inferential model (IMs); see Martin, Hwang and Liu (2010). The fundamental idea is that prior-free posterior probability-like inference with desirable long-run frequency properties can be achieved through a system based on predicting unobserved auxiliary variables. In Part I, an intermediate conditioning step was proposed...

Sensory input reflects events that occur in the environment, but multiple events may be confounded in sensory signals. For example, under many natural viewing conditions, retinal image motion reflects some combination of self-motion and movement of objects in the world. To estimate one stimulus event and ignore others, the brain can perform marginalization operations, but the neural bases of th...

PURPOSE Medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS) form a major cause of sickness absence. The purpose of this study was to explore factors which may influence further marginalization among patients with MUPS on long-term sickness absence. METHODS Two focus-group discussions were conducted with a purposive sample of 12 participants, six men and six women, aged 24-59 years. Their average d...

Sets of lexicographic probabilities and sets of desirable gambles share several features, despite their apparent differences. In this paper we examine properties of marginalization, conditioning and independence for sets of lexicographic probabilities and sets of desirable gambles.