This article has as its main focus the supererogatory nightly prayers, the traweh prayers, as they are performed in the world’s largest Muslim nation, Indonesia. These prayers are of immense importance to the Javanese Muslim community, and are often regarded as constituting an obligatory part of the Islamic religion. In the article, the author describes how these prayers are performed in both m...

INTRODUCTION Denial of smoking status by pregnant women presents a missed opportunity for referral to smoking cessation programmes that are shown to be effective in helping them quit smoking. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted to detect the true prevalence of active smoking pregnant patients and the accuracy of self-reporting, investigate the sociodem...

Due to a lack of secure identity following the new developments in Muslim Royal Town high-tech modernization twentieth century, craft maker created any motif with an unknown purpose. As result, original character location will be tarnished, and image vanish. This paper aims identify qualitative responses plant elements reinforcing Kuala Kangsar, conducted semi-structured interview participants ...

National data on smoking cessat ion rates indicate that female smokers may have more difftculty than male smokers in quitting smoking. To test the hypothesis that awareness of risk of smoking and personal vulnerability may be not as strong in female as in male smokers, we conducted a series of te lephone interviews deal ing with smokers’ awareness and knowledge of the recent Surgeon General’s R...

STUDY OBJECTIVE Health expectancy is arrived at by dividing life expectancy into average lifetime in different states of health. The purpose of the study was to estimate health expectancy among never smokers and smokers in groups at high, medium, and low educational levels in Denmark. DESIGN Life tables for never smokers and smokers with a high, medium, and low educational level were construc...