Assessments of the economic benefits of transportation infrastructure investments are critical to good policy decisions. At present, most such assessments are based of two types of studies: micro-scale studies in the form of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and macro-scale studies in the form of national or regional econometric analysis. While the former type takes a partial equilibrium perspective ...

BACKGROUND Current health economic evaluation guidelines mainly concentrate on immediate health gains and cost savings for the individual involved in the intervention. However, it has been argued that these guidelines are too narrow to capture the full impact of vaccination in low and middle income countries. The inclusion of broader economic impact of vaccines (BEIV) has therefore been propose...

On using monetary policy for macro-economic regulation, after the 1930s Great Depression when effective demand insufficiency emerges, Keynesianism proposes that proactive fiscal and easy monetary policies shall be introduced. His proposal is later adopted in Roosevelt’s New Deal, which greatly help USA climb out of economy recession and achieve prosperity over 20 years. After sub-prime mortgage...

This paper analyses the optimal timing and macro-economic costs of carbon emission reductions that mitigate the global average atmospheric temperature increase. We use a macro-economic model in which there are two competing energy sources, fossil-fuelled and nonfossil-fuelled. Technological change is represented endogenously through learning curves, and niche markets exist implying positive dem...

Using the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)as a measurement of aggregate economic activity is typical. Its cycles are used as an indicator of boom or recession in the economy. Economists and business people are interested in describing and predicting future values of such indicators.However, due to its intrinsic difficulty and non-linear characters, along with many unknown and random events, it is n...

This paper attempts to contribute to international discourse on the responsibility of macro structures (economic and political) and private agencies for the production and distribution of vulnerability. It does so by focusing on an individual economic entity, small manufacturing firms (SMFs), in a specific location, western Athens, Greece. By evaluating the losses that SMFs sustained in the ear...

During the 1990s, wage setting increasingly became coordinated in many Member States of the European Union (EU), often through new arrangements involving broad encompassing social pacts between employers, trade unions, and governments striking deals across policy areas from wages to social and employment policies. We argue that the different forms of institutional innovation in wage setting fou...

Angola’s difficulties in achieving macro-economic stability and economic liberalization have serious implications for private-sector development. Hyperinflation, and frequent policy reversal, constrain and distort investment in both the informal and formal parts of the private sector. But macro-economic instability arises in part out of mechanisms that subsidize powerful oligopolies, enabling t...