Mucosal routes for vaccine delivery offer several advantages over systemic inoculation from both immunological and practical points of view. The development of efficient mucosal vaccines therefore represents a top prority in modern vaccinology. One way to deliver protective antigens at the mucosal surfaces is to use live bacterial vectors. Until recently most of these were derived from attenuat...

Recombinant vaccinia viruses can be constructed that express foreign antigens. These viruses retain their infectivity and synthesise the foreign gene product in tissue culture and in vaccinated animals. Following vaccination, specific antibody and cell-mediated immune responses are generated against the foreign protein and in several cases these have protected the animal against subsequent chal...

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is a member of the family Birnaviridae that has been linked to high mortalities in juvenile salmonids and postsmolt stages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) after transfer to seawater. IPN vaccines have been available for a long time but their efficacy has been variable. The reason for the varying immune response to these vaccines has not well defin...

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arthropod-borne viral pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality in small ruminants throughout Africa and the Middle East. Due to the sporadic and explosive nature of RVF outbreaks, vaccination has proved challenging to reduce RVFV infection in the ruminant population. Currently, there are two available types of vaccines, live and killed, in en...

Clonal, noniridescent mutants ofActinobaciUlus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1 and 5 were isolated following chemical mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate. The absence of any detectable capsule was confirmed by inhibition radioimmunoassay. There were no differences between the parent and mutant strains in lipopolysaccharide or protein electrophoretic profiles or in hemolytic activity. There was...